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Index Fund basics- PART 1: The simple road to substantial wealth

Would you rather spend time and energy searching for a needle in the haystack or just own the entire haystack? Searching for stocks that are going to do well in the future is a difficult, time-consuming and probably unprofitable exercise for the vast majority of non-professionals. The question then becomes what is the alternative for an investor who wants the high returns of the equity-class of investments with a higher probability of earning those returns over a long time period? Enter the Index Fund.

Introduction and OverviewWhat is an Index?

The word “Index” means a “representative” or “indicator” of a particular group. For example, the education index of a country may represent the level of literacy in a country, a health index in a community could reflect how healthy or fit people in that community are.

Similarly, a stock market index, or “the Index,” is a representative of the economic health and performance of a country as shown by the performance of certain companies. Each country in the world has numerous companies that generate value and earn money. Most of these companies are listed on the stock exchanges of their respective countries and thus you and I can buy pieces of these companies. These various companies are further classified into various groups depending on parameters like the industry in which they operate (IT/Finance/Auto and more) and size (Small-,Mid-, and Large-capitalization companies). Indexes, in the literal sense of the word, can be created for any group of companies or sectors and become representatives of the area they describe. “The Index,” however, represents the general market sentiment or overall performance of the country based on some of the largest and best companies.

In India, apart from many smaller indexes, we have two primary indexes that represent the largest listed companies in terms of “free market capitalization” or the size of the company. The calculation of this “free market capitalization” involves a few more details*, but are not essential for this basic understanding. Two main Indian indexes, representing the two main stock exchanges in India, act as representatives of the broad Indian market-

NIFTY 50SENSEX
Derived from the words “National Fifty”Derived from the word “Sensitive Index”
Constituted from among companies listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE)Constituted from among companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)
A group of the top 50 companiesA group of the top 30 companies
Inclusion of companies based on free float market capitalizationInclusion of companies based on free float market capitalization
Updated twice a year (in March and July)Updated twice a year (in June and December)
External link for further detailed reading – NSE Website External link for further detailed reading – BSE Website

*Note on free float market capitalization: In simple terms, this is used to calculate the percentage of each company in the index. As the word indicates it means the value of freely traded (free float) shares (market capitalization) This calculation is carried out by multiplying [(shares available for trade) * (the current market price of the share at a particular time)]. Although not specifically required, for a more detailed explanation of how free float capitalization is calculated, you could check out this explanation by the Bombay Stock Exchange . Over the rest of this article, I use the word “size” as a simpler and shorter substitute for this term. Although, other minor criteria are considered by the exchange in constituting this index, a basic awareness of free float market capitalization is adequate at this introductory stage.

As a result of size being the determining factors for deciding which companies are included in the Index, the largest companies take up a bigger portion of the Index, and the subsequent companies (in decreasing order of size) constitute the rest of the Index. As mentioned in the Table above, the entire basket or index is updated every six months and companies are removed from/added to the index based on the changed prices and overall size.

In simple terms, if a company’s share price plummets significantly, it could be replaced in the Index by the 31st/51st most valuable company- there have been numerous instances of such changes. This rebalancing helps ensure that only the most valuable companies remain in the Index long term. Think of this like a football team getting relegated to a lower division and a champion in the previous division getting promoted – the effect is that the top division maintains the best quality of teams. Over the long term, there is generally a convergence between a company’s performance and its size (overall total worth) and thus we could view the index as a collection or basket of the biggest and best companies in a country, across main sectors of business.

Buying the Index- What is an Index Fund?

Now that we have a basic understanding of “what” an Index means, the question becomes how do we benefit from it?

An “Index fund” is typically a product that a Bank/Asset management company issues to the public (you and I). Various banks like SBI, HDFC, and ICICI have divisions that collect money from the public and divide it equally into the companies that constitute the index. In effect, for one unit of an index fund, we receive pieces of each of the companies in that Index. The role of this issuer or provider of index fund units is to copy the constitution of the index exactly. If companies are cycled in or out of the index every six months, because of changes in value, the issuer or fund manager will re-order the constitution of his/her basket to ensure that the holdings match the proportion of companies in the index.

what is an index fund

What do you get when you buy an Index Fund?

As a result of buying units in an index fund, we receive a part ownership in each company in the Index.

Below is an illustrative example of what we own, when we buy units in an index fund. Our investment is effectively split into the contents of the basket in the proportion of their size – we invest money with the issuer of the unit like a bank or asset management company and they do the work. Once divided, I have listed the prices of each of those companies and shown how many shares/or part-shares we receive in exchange for our investment. Please note, we do not actually received these individual shares. We receive pieces of the basket and they indicate our ownership of these individual components to the extent indicated in the last column on the right. The more pieces of the basket we buy, greater the ownership of individual companies that we obtain.

Index fund breakdown

Every time we buy more units of an index, we are in effect buying pieces of all the companies in that Index or pieces of some of the best and largest businesses in the country. Take the SBI NIFTY 50 index fund, for example. This represents an index fund run by the State Bank of India. The bank accepts investors’ money and buys shares of each of the 50 companies in the NIFTY 50 in proportion to their size. This would give us part ownership of some of India’s largest Coal resources (via Coal India Ltd) and part ownership of one of the largest two-wheeler product lines in the nation (via Hero Motocorp Ltd.) to name a few (to view the full list of companies in this index fund which matches the NIFTY 50, click here).

If someone asks me “Bro, do you own Reliance shares?” my answer as an index fund owner or holder is “Yes I do! I also own Nestle, HDFC, Infosys, and 46 other large and successful businesses.”

Conclusion

In the hot world of needle-seekers, the Index Fund holder has bought the haystack and is relaxing in the shade. He/she is content with the knowledge that his money is being managed by the best corporate entities in the nation. Further, if any of them perform horribly, the index is re-organized periodically and only the top 30/50 companies are retained This is akin to owning the entire top division of a sports league. We don’t have to worry too much about who wins, who loses, who underperforms or outperforms. We, as the Index Fund holders get the best of the best, handpicked and sorted periodically.

To conclude Part 1, Index Investing is a relatively safe form of long-term equity investing that allows the everyday investor to earn great returns over the long term with minimal work and energy. Periodically investing or buying units of an Index fund and holding them for as long as possible, is a headache-free-way to have some of the best CEOs and companies in the nation build your wealth over the long term.

In Part 2, we continue this discussion by examining some key points of consideration. These include- tracking error, expense ratio, what are ETFs, and the comparative performance between Index funds and active funds. Hope this was helpful!

Advanced Topics

Part 2: A SEBI-Licensed Mutual Fund Distributor (MFD): Build Generational Wealth While you Enjoy Life

In Part 1, we talked about what an MFD is and whether you should work with one. A licensed Mutual Fund Distributor is required to pass the SEBI-mandated NISM-Series VA exam and received an ARN number (Association of Mutual Funds...
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Part 1: Should you hire a Professional to Manage your Mutual Fund Portfolio?

If you are reading this, you probably understand that we all need to invest our money to protect it against inflation and build wealth. While there are many different assets you could consider investing in, a young earner in India...
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Index Fund advanced- PART 2: The simple road to substantial wealth

How to pick an Index Fund? What is an ETF and how is it different from an Index Fund? All this and more advanced topics discussed here!
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Index Fund basics- PART 1: The simple road to substantial wealth

Why search for the needle when you can buy the haystack? Here we explain what an Index Fund is and introduce foundational concepts.
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Posted in Advanced Topics

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